Biesbosch Museum Island_ 네덜란드 비스보쉬 뮤지엄 아일랜드

생태학적 개념을 접목한 친환경 뮤지엄...

잔디와 허브로 덮여져 에너지 효율을 최적화한 낮은 언덕 구조의 건축 조합이 돋보여...

비스보쉬 뮤지엄은 네덜란드 서남부 조이트홀란트주의 도르트레히트 부근에 들어선 친환경건물이다. 네덜란드의 디자인회사 스튜디오 마르코 페르묄런이 디자인한 이 뮤지엄은 8개월에 걸쳐 재단장후 지난 2015년 6월에 일반시민들에게 공개되었다

애초 비스보쉬는 델타 사업지구의 마스강과 바스강이 합쳐지는 삼각지로 조간대습지(tidal marsch)로 존재했었지만 홍수 예방차원으로 1970년 하링블릿에 수문이 건설됨으로써 강과 소하천, 호수, 늪지 등이 한데 어우러진 국립공원으로 거듭나게 되었다. 총 7,100헥타르의 면적으로 조성된 비스보쉬는 자연보전지구로 지정되어 아름다운 자연을 감상하고자 하는 관광객들을 모으고 있다. 더불어 비스보쉬 국립공원의 자연 습지는 호수의 수질보전과 자연보전의 역할을 맡고 있다.

뮤지엄 아일랜드는 과거 도르트레히트 지역을 휩쓴 홍수이후 안전대책을 마련하고자 계획되었지만 추후 생태적 개념이 접목되면서 친환경 뮤지엄으로서의 기능을 맡은 새로운 문화허브로 자리 잡고 있다. 지역의 역사와 문화를 설명해주는 상설전시관 역시 비스보쉬의 수자원 모델과 담수 조류공원으로 거듭났다. 이렇듯 새로운 아일랜드 재개발을 시도한 것은 수상안전의 프로그램의 일부로서 주변의 간척지가 수질 보호구역에 포함되었고, 기존 뮤지엄의 노후화된 시설 개선과 방문객들을 위한 적절한 식당이 요구되었기 때문이다.

뮤지엄 공간은 주변 환경에 개방적이면서 주민들을 위한 레스토랑과 아트전시를 위한 별관까지 새롭게 확장되었다. 디자인 전개과정에서 건축가는 육각형 구조를 통해 뮤지엄 파빌리온을 짓기 위해 재료와 에너지의 불필요한 낭비를 최소화시키고자 하였다. 뮤지엄의 오래되고 새로운 부분은 둑으로 둘러싸여 있고 지붕은 잔디와 허브로 촘촘히 덮여져 있다. 생태학적인 가치를 더해주는 지붕은 마치 낮은 언덕의 일부처럼 인식된다. 멀리서 보면 흡사 낮은 언덕처럼 보이는 지붕은 지면과 유기적으로 연계되어 계절에 따라 단열과 보온의 기능을 맡게 된다. 지면에서 보았을 때 불규칙한 다각형으로 인지되는 지붕면은 계단을 따라 데크와 전망브리지로 이어지고 방문객들은 지붕 위를 산책하며 건너편 풍경을 조망할 수 있다. 작은 언덕 사이로는 물길이 흐르고 데크 위를 거닐면서 새롭게 조성된 생태환경을 엿볼 수 있다.

새로운 1,000㎡ 부속건물이 남서측에 더해졌고 창을 통해 뮤지엄 정원으로 한껏 개방되어 있다. 그곳에 물과 조경, 전시공간을 수용하는 유기농 레스토랑을 조성되었다. 각각의 공간은 전시관, 도서관, 영화관, 리셉션이 있는 입구 그리고 뮤지엄 상점들로 구성된다. 이곳에서 방문객들은 비스보쉬 국립공원의 관광 정보를 얻을 수 있고 박물관과 국립공원을 돌아볼 수 있는 보트 표를 구입할 수 있다. 제법 큰 규모의 지붕창이 나있는 건물에는 뮤지엄의 사무실, 네덜란드 산림관리소, 공원관리소가 자리한다. 외부공간의 불규칙한 형태는 내부 공간 풍성함에 일조한다. 불규칙한 천장과 평면 구조 덕에 각각의 공간 내부로 다양한 빛과 환경이 모아지고 열려진다.

하늘로 열린 톱라이트를 통해 자연광이 부드럽게 스며들고, 개방적인 창을 통해 열린 풍경이 전시공간과 레스토랑 내부로 들어온다. 뮤지엄 내부에 마련된 실내연못은 생태환경의 회복을 의미하여 계획된 것으로 건물 내부를 가로지르며 창을 통해 외부로 이어진다. 이렇듯 비스보쉬 뮤지엄은 국립공원 내에서 생태환경을 체험하고 실천하는 좋은 모범 사례로 자리 잡고 있다. ANN

Architect_ Marco Vermeulen, Exhibition Designer_ Studio Joyce Langezaal

자료 Studio Marco Vermeulen, Photo by ronald tilleman

After an eight-month renovation, the Biesbosch Museum reopened to the public this summer. The museum has been completely transformed and extended with a new wing that opens to its beautiful surroundings and houses a restaurant and temporary exhibition space for contemporary art. The permanent exhibition that explains the historical development of the region has also been totally revamped. A large water model of the Biesbosch and a freshwater tidal park are also planned on the Museum Island. Building, interior, water model and freshwater tidal park were designed by Studio Marco Vermeulen, and the exhibition was designed by Studio Joyce Langezaal.

Water safety was the key reason for the development of the Biesbosch Museum Island. As part of a national water safety programme, the 4450-hectare Noordwaard polder has been turned into a water-retention area. Outlets on either side of the Biesbosch Museum were dug to create a new island. For most visitors, the Biesbosch Museum is the starting point for exploring the Biesbosch National Park. The museum, however, was outdated and not equipped to accommodate the growing visitor numbers. A lack of adequate catering facilities was particularly urgent. Moreover, the presentation of the collection needed an overhaul. In 2012, some 35,000 people visited the museum, while in the first three months since the reopening, no fewer than 30,000 people visited the complex!

To avoid any unnecessary waste of material or energy, the hexagonal structure of the original Biesbosch Museum pavilions has been retained, and a new 1,000㎡ wing was added on the south-western side of the building. Featuring extensive areas of fenestration, the wing opens to the museum garden on the island. The extension houses an organic restaurant that offers views of the adjacent water and landscape, and space for temporary exhibitions. The existing building houses the permanent exhibition, library, multipurpose theatre, entrance area with reception and museum shop. Visitors can obtain tourist information about the Biesbosch National Park and buy tickets for the museum and electric boats. The addition of large dormers on the roof created space for the museum’s offices, the Dutch Forestry Commission and the Park Board. The old and new sections of the museum are surrounded by earth works and covered with a roof of grass and herbs. The roof adds ecological value, creating a sculptural object that reads as land art and, at the same time, manifests itself in the surrounding landscape. A fold in the roof gives way to an adventurous mountain trail and a lookout post.

The new permanent exhibition offers a rich overview of the history of the Biesbosch, the culture and the collection of the museum. The unique story of the Biesbosch is displayed in seven pavilions, covering its history from the Elizabeth Flood of 1421 to its current status as a recreational area. The residents, economy, crafts and nature are displayed in multimedia spaces that stimulate all senses. Original film material and photographs, interviews and tools present a personal and vivid account of the area and its residents. Both the new wing and existing volume are designed to minimize energy consumption. The glass front is fitted with state of the art heat resistant glass that eliminates the need for blinds. The earth works on the north-western side and the green roof serve as additional insulation and a heat buffer. On cold days, a biomass stove maintains the building at the right temperature through floor heating. On warm days, water from the river flows through the same piping to cool the building.

Sanitary wastewater is purified through a willow filter: the first in the Netherlands and an acknowledgement of the wicker culture of the Biesbosch. Willows absorb the wastewater and the substances it contains, among them nitrogen and phosphate. These substances act as nutrients and help the willow to grow. The purified water is discharged into the adjacent wetland area and flows from there into the river. Once the willows are sawn and dried, the wood can be used as fuel in the biomass stove in the museum or for other purposes.

The museum uses many resources available in the area, not only for its energy supply and water treatment, but also for the menu in the microbrew restaurant. Moreover, the museum can count on the commitment of dozens of volunteers, many of whom have worked in the Biesbosch in the past. Even most of the contractors and construction workers involved in the redevelopment come from the immediate area. The Biesbosch has a rich history in harvesting and processing natural materials and is bio-based avant la lettre. The museum therefore provides space for art, preferably made of natural materials from the Biesbosch itself, in the new wing and on the island. Midway through the last century, the impressive sturgeon and salmon disappeared from the waters of the Biesbosch. With the opening of the Haringvliet locks and the cleaner water in the river, the likelihood of a return of these distinctive species has increased. The indoor pond at the restaurant hints at the return of the sturgeon.

The Museum Island, which will be realized in the spring of 2016, is a freshwater tidal park on the island that receives river water through a newly dug creek. The tides and seasonal variations in water levels can be clearly experienced thanks to the gentle slope of the banks along the creek. The slopes also create a rich diversity of flora and fauna, so that every visit to the island will be different. A meandering path provides access to the island, which continuously changes in appearance because of the changing water levels. The Biesbosch Experience will be realized on the Museum Island in the spring of 2016. This scale model of the Biesbosch, with polders, dikes and streams, explains the water management function and importance of the area when water levels are high. Within a half-hour cycle, the water changes from ‘extremely low’ to ‘extremely high’. Children and adults are able to alter the course of the water by operating various kinds of locks. The open-air museum on the other side of the river features a wood of willows called a ‘griend’ where visitors can step back in time. Visitors can also see a duck decoy, a hut made of willows and reeds, and a beaver lodge.

Studio Marco Vermeulen is a design office for architecture, urban design, landscape and research. The office is based on a remarkable location alongside the river Maas in the centre of Rotterdam. The focus of the office lies with the concept phase, where the questions themselves are often the subject of research. We are involved in highly relevant and often new or neglected spatial tasks with a demand for innovative solutions and new typologies. Most projects have a focus on closing cycles in the field of energy, water and raw materials. We are often involved in projects where climate change and water safety are linked to opportunities for spatial quality.

architects : Studio Marco Vermeulen

client: biesbosch museum, werkendam

exhibition Design : Studio Joyce Langezaal

construction: renovation / new building

construction time: 8 months

gross floor area: 1,300sqm

existing renovation: 1,000sqm

floor area exhibition: 900sqm

program: museum(permanent and changing exhibition space), offices, visitor center, library, cinema, museum restaurant, offices.(museum garden and water playground – scheduled for mid-2016)