아프리카 부르키나파소 출신의 프란시스 케레 올해의 프리츠커상 수상자로 선정

최소한의 재료를 활용해 단순하면서 겸손하고, 환경친화적이면서 사회성 있는 건축을 선보여

2022 프리츠커상 수상자로 선정된 프란시스 케레

건축계의 노벨상이라고 불리는 2022 프리츠커상에 아프리카 출신의 건축가 프란시스 케레(56)가 수상자로 선정됐다. 1979년 프리츠커상이 제정된 이후 아프리카 출신 건축가가 프리츠커상을 받은 것은 이번이 처음이다.

  건축가 케레는 아프리카 부르키나파소 간도의 가난한 마을에서 자랐지만 독일 베를린 공과대학에서 건축을 공부했다. 2001년에는 자신의 고향인 부르키나파소에 간도 초등학교를 설계하면서 주목받았다. 건축자재인 콘크리트가 부족한 가난한 아프리카 지역 현실에서 진흙을 활용한 벽돌로 건물을 지었고, 자연광과 환기 구조를 통해 조명 부족과 더운 날씨를 극복하는 건축을 선보였다. 베냉과 말리, 토고, 케냐 등 아프리카 곳곳에서 케레가 선보인 건축은 나무와 벽돌, 진흙, 천연석재 등의 한정된 자원을 최대한 효율적으로 활용하고 서아프리카의 전통을 살려 지역에 적합한 건축을 구현해냈다는 점에서 높이 평가되고 있다.

Gando Primary School, photo courtesy of Erik-Jan Ouwerkerk

  지역의 기후 환경에 최적화한 지속가능성 있는 디자인을 선보인 케레는 이렇다 할 건축과 기반시설이 부족한 현실을 극복하고 주변 환경과 지역민이 조화를 이룰 수 있는 진실성 있는 건축을 선보임으로써 프리츠커상 심사위원단에 좋은 평가를 얻었다.

  프란시스 케레는 “최소한의 건축 재료를 활용해 단순하면서 겸손하고, 환경친화적이면서 사회성 있는 건물을 짓기 위해 노력했다”고 밝혔다.

Gando Primary School Extension, photo courtesy of Erik-Jan Ouwerkerk

  하얏트재단이 매년 ‘건축예술을 통해 재능과 비전, 책임이 뛰어난 결합을 보여주고 사람들과 건축 환경에 일관적이고 중요한 기여를 한 생존한 건축가’에게 수여하는 프리츠커 건축상은 단연 국적과 종교, 이데올로기와 관계없이 건축가에 주어지는 세계 최고의 건축상이다. 지난 해 프리츠커 건축상에는 프랑스 듀오 건축가 안 라카통(Anne Lacaton)과 장 필립 바살(Jean-Philippe Vassal)이 수상한 바 있다. ANN

자료 © 2022 The Hyatt Foundation/ The Pritzker Architecture Prize

National Park of Mali, photo courtesy of Iwan Baan

Diébédo Francis Kéré, architect, educator and social activist, has been selected as the 2022 Laureate of the Pritzker Architecture Prize, announced Tom Pritzker, Chairman of The Hyatt Foundation, which sponsors the award that is regarded internationally as architecture’s highest honor.

“I am hoping to change the paradigm, push people to dream and undergo risk. It is not because you are rich that you should waste material. It is not because you are poor that you should not try to create quality,” says Kéré. “Everyone deserves quality, everyone deserves luxury, and everyone deserves comfort. We are interlinked and concerns in climate, democracy and scarcity are concerns for us all.”

Born in Gando, Burkina Faso and based in Berlin, Germany, the architect known as Francis Kéré empowers and transforms communities through the process of architecture. Through his commitment to social justice and engagement, and intelligent use of local materials to connect and respond to the natural climate, he works in marginalized countries laden with constraints and adversity, where architecture and infrastructure are absent. Building contemporary school institutions, health facilities, professional housing, civic buildings and public spaces, oftentimes in lands where resources are fragile and fellowship is vital, the expression of his works exceeds the value of a building itself.

“Francis Kéré is pioneering architecture - sustainable to the earth and its inhabitants - in lands of extreme scarcity. He is equally architect and servant, improving upon the lives and experiences of countless citizens in a region of the world that is at times forgotten,” comments Pritzker. “Through buildings that demonstrate beauty, modesty, boldness and invention, and by the integrity of his architecture and geste, Kéré gracefully upholds the mission of this Prize.”

Centre for Health and Social Welfare, photo courtesy of Francis Kéré

Gando Primary School (2001, Gando, Burkina Faso) established the foundation for Kéré’s ideology - building a wellspring with and for a community to fulfill an essential need and redeem social inequities. His response required a dual solution — a physical and contemporary design for a facility that could combat extreme heat and poor lighting conditions with limited resources, and a social resoluteness to overcome incertitude from within the community. He fundraised internationally, while creating invariable opportunities for local citizens, from conception to vocational craftsmanship training. Indigenous clay was fortified with cement to form bricks with bioclimatic thermal mass, retaining cooler air inside while allowing heat to escape through a brick ceiling and wide, overhanging, elevated roof, resulting in ventilation without the mechanical intervention of air conditioning. The success of this project increased the school’s student body from 120 to 700 students, and catalyzed Teachers’ Housing (2004, Gando, Burkina Faso), an Extension (2008, Gando, Burkina Faso) and Library (2019, Gando, Burkina Faso).

The 2022 Jury Citation states, in part, “He knows, from within, that architecture is not about the object but the objective; not the product, but the process. Francis Kéré’s entire body of work shows us the power of materiality rooted in place. His buildings, for and with communities, are directly of those communities – in their making, their materials, their programs and their unique characters.”

The impact of his work in primary and secondary schools catalyzed the inception of many institutions, each demonstrating sensitivity to bioclimatic environments and sustainability distinctive to locality, and impacting many generations. Startup Lions Campus (2021, Turkana, Kenya), an information and communication technologies campus, uses local quarry stone and stacked towers for passive cooling to minimize the air conditioning required to protect technology equipment. Burkina Institute of Technology (Phase I, 2020, Koudougou, Burkina Faso) is composed of cooling clay walls that were cast in-situ to accelerate the building process. Overhanging eucalyptus, regarded as inefficient due to its minimal shading abilities yet depletion of nutrients from the soil, were repurposed to line the angled corrugated metal roofs, which protect the building during the country’s brief rainy reason, and rainwater is collected underground to irrigate mango plantations on the premises.

The national confidence and embrace of Kéré has prompted one of the architect’s most pivotal and ambitious projects, the National Assembly of Burkina Faso (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso), which was commissioned, although remains unbuilt amidst present uncertain times. After the Burkinabè uprising in 2014 destroyed the former structure, the architect designed a stepped and lattice pyramidal building, housing a 127-person assembly hall on the interior, while encouraging informal congregation on the exterior. Enabling new views, physically and metaphorically, this is one piece to a greater master plan, envisioned to include indigenous flora, exhibition spaces, courtyards, and a monument to those who lost their lives in protest of the old regime.

A poetic expression of light is consistent throughout Kéré’s works. Rays of sun filter into buildings, courtyards and intermediary spaces, overcoming harsh midday conditions to offer places of serenity or gathering. The concrete roof of Gando Primary School Library was poured around a grid of traditional clay pots, that once extracted, left openings allowing heat to escape while circular beams of natural light could linger and illuminate the interiors. A facade constructed of eucalyptus wood surrounds the elliptical building, creating flexible outdoor spaces that emit light vertically. Benga Riverside School (2018, Tete, Mozambique) features walls patterned with small recurring voids, allowing light and transparency to evoke feelings of trust from its students. The walls of Centre for Health and Social Welfare (2014, Laongo, Burkina Faso) are adorned with a pattern of framed windows at varying heights to offer picturesque views of the landscape for everyone, from a standing doctor to a sitting visitor to a lying patient.

Kéré’s designs are laced with symbolism and his works outside of Africa are influenced by his upbringing and experiences in Gando. The West African tradition of communing under a sacred tree to exchange ideas, narrate stories, celebrate and assemble, is recurrent throughout. Sarbalé Ke at Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival (2019, California, United States) translates to “House of Celebration” in his native Bissa language, and references the shape of the hollowing baobab tree, revered in his homeland for its medicinal properties. The Serpentine Pavilion (2017, London, United Kingdom) also takes its central shape from the form of a tree and its disconnected yet curved walls are formed by triangular indigo modules, identifying with a color representing strength in his culture and more personally, a blue boubou garment worn by the architect as a child. The detached roof resonates with that of his buildings in Africa, but inside the pavilion, rainwater funnels into the center of the structure, highlighting water scarcity that is experienced worldwide. The Benin National Assembly (Porto-Novo, Republic of Benin), currently under construction and situated on a public park, is inspired by the palaver tree. While parliament convenes on the inside, citizens may also assemble under the vast shade at the base of the building.

The Citation continues, “In a world in crisis, amidst changing values and generations, he reminds us of what has been, and will undoubtably continue to be a cornerstone of architectural practice: a sense of community and narrative quality, which he himself is so able to recount with compassion and pride. In this he provides a narrative in which architecture can become a source of continued and lasting happiness and joy.”

Many of Kéré’s built works are located in Africa, in countries including the Republic of Benin, Burkino Faso, Mali, Togo, Kenya, Mozambique, Togo, and Sudan. Pavilions and installations and have been created in Denmark, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. Significant works also include Xylem at Tippet Rise Art Centre (2019, Montana, United States), Léo Doctors’ Housing (2019, Léo, Burkina Faso), Lycée Schorge Secondary School (2016, Koudougou, Burkina Faso), the National Park of Mali (2010, Bamako, Mali) and Opera Village (Phase I, 2010, Laongo, Burkina Faso).

Kéré established Kéré Foundation in 1998 to serve the inhabitants of Gando through the development of projects, partnerships and fundraising; and Kéré Architecture in 2005 in Berlin, Germany. Kéré is the 51st Laureate of the Pritzker Architecture Prize, and is a dual citizen of Burkina Faso and Germany.

About the Pritzker Architecture Prize
The Pritzker Architecture Prize was founded in 1979 by the late Jay A. Pritzker and his wife, Cindy. Its purpose is to honor annually a living architect whose built work demonstrates a combination of those qualities of talent, vision and commitment, which has produced consistent and significant contributions to humanity and the built environment through the art of architecture.